The Relationship between Superior and Inferior Politics: The role of Commander Soleimani in Illustrating the Islamic Republic of Iran as a Symbol of Resistance

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Assistant Professor, Imam Sadigh University, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Based on the classical division, the subjects of international relations are divided into superior politics and inferior politics. Military-security issues always fall into the category of superior politics, and experts and analysts examine the activities of military officials in this area, and this issue has nothing to do with the arena of inferior politics, which is specifically related to economic, welfare and cultural issues. In the meantime, Commander Soleimani was a rare example who was able to link the two spheres of superior and inferior politics. The current paper, by a descriptive-analytical method and focusing on the behavioral model of Commander Soleimani, deals with the main question: what role did Shahid Soleimani play in the transnational depiction of the Islamic Republic of Iran? The findings indicate that despite his military identity, Soleimani, due to his special attention to the manifestations of soft power and public diplomacy tools, was able to establish the image of the Islamic Republic of Iran through relationship building, image management, accreditation and national branding and providing a humanitarian and non-profit foreign policy model, and significantly enhanced the image of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the target governments and nations. The necessity of raising such an issue is that Sardar Soleimani's successful model in the arena of practice needs to be explained, refined and theorized in order to have a scientific aspect and be able to be presented in academic and elite settings.

Keywords


  1. Ahadi, A. (1389 AP). "Public Diplomacy: A Conceptual and Theoretical Framework" (Vaezi, M. Ed.), in: Public Diplomacy and Foreign Policy. Tehran: Center for Strategic Research of Expediency Discernment Council. [In Persian]
  2. Ayson, R. (2012). "The Changing Character of Warfare. (Devetak, R., & Burke, A., & George, J. Ed.), An Introduction to International Relations. Cambridge University Press.
  3. Gass, R. H.,& Seiter, J. S. (2009). Credibility and Public Diplomacy. (Snow, N., & Philip M. Taylor. Ed.). Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, London and New York: Routledge.
  4. Hadian, N., & Saeedi, R. (1392 AP). From Traditional Public Diplomacy to Modern Public Diplomacy: A Habermasic Approach. Journal of Strategy, 68, pp. 33-61. [In Persian]
  5. Heywood, A. (2011), Global Politics, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  6. Hosseini, H. (1389 AP). "Barack Hussein Obama Alchemist: Presidential and Combined Management in the 21st Century" (Vaezi, M. Ed.), in: Public Diplomacy and Foreign Policy. Tehran: Center for Strategic Research of Expediency Discernment Council. [In Persian]
  7. Jackson, R., & Sørensen, G. (2013). Introduction to International Relations: Theories and Approaches, Oxford University Press.
  8. Kelley, J. R. (2009). Between “Take-offs” and “Crash Landings”: Situational Aspects of Public Diplomacy, (Snow, N., & Philip M. Taylor. Ed.). Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, London and New York: Routledge.
  9. Leonard, M., & Stead, C., & Smewing, C. (2002). Public Diplomacy, London: The Foreign Policy Center.
  • Mansbach, R. W., & Rafferty, K.L. (2008). Introduction to Global Politics, New York: Routledge.
  • Mousavi Shafaei, S. M. (1400 AP). "Pathology of Economic Diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran" (Haji Yousefi, A. M. Ed.), in: Evaluating the Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Qom: Islamic Sciences and Culture Academy. [In Persian]
  • Nakamura, K. H., & Weed, M. C. (2009). S. Public Diplomacy: Background and Current Issues. (CRS Report for Congress). , Congressional Research Service, December 18.
  • Pratkanis, A. (2009). Public Diplomacy in International Conflicts: A Social Influence Analysis. (Snow, N., & Philip M. Taylor. Ed.). , Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, London and New York: Routledge.
  • Sheehan, M. (2014). “The Changing Character of War”. (Baylis, J., & Smith, S., & Owens, P. Ed.). The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations, Oxford University Press.
  • Szondi, G. (2009). “Central and Eastern European Public Diplomacy: A Transitional Perspective on National Reputation Management. (Snow, N., & Philip M. Taylor. Ed.). Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, London and New York: Routledge.
  • Wolf, C., & Rosen, B. (2004). Public Diplomacy: How to Think about and Improve It, the RAND. Retrieved 15 August, 2007, from www.rand.org/pubs/ occasional_papers / 2004 / RAND _ OP 134. Pdf.
  • Zaharna, R. (2009). Mapping out a Spectrum of Public Diplomacy Initiatives: Information and Relational Communication Frameworks. (Snow, N., & Philip M. Taylor. Ed.). Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, London and New York: Routledge.